Decolonisation of visual communication: More than a question of dignity
by Jörg Arnold, June 2023
«Africa» - a majority of the population in the West associate it with hunger, lack of education, high levels of child mortality, and corruption. The continent is perceived as being populated by people who are not able to take care of their problems on their own. Or to put it in common patterns of representation: the progressive, modern, rational, and industrious West creates prosperity. While on the other hand the backward, traditional, emotional, and unproductive South has achieved nothing but poverty since independence from colonial powers. These attributes directly reflect (post)colonial power relations. They discredit the population of entire countries and are a discriminatory daily routine for individuals.
On International Women's Day, 8 March, the women in Lokolo demonstrate for their rights.
DRC 2023: Justin Makangara / Action de Carême/ Fairpicture
The power of images
We all like pictures. We are always eager to share images. Pictures are great tools to order the world around us and to position ourselves in it: geographically, emotionally, socially - who lives where, under which circumstances, experiencing which joys and hardships. Pictures are more descriptive, more concise, and more expressive than long explanations. «A picture is worth a thousand words» - and when we get to the bottom of something, we «make an impression of it». Pictures are evidence of reality. We learn from pictures and store knowledge with respect to them. Pictures influence the way we interpret how things work in the world. And the more often we see certain images, the more convinced we become that they show exactly what we perceive as "reality". For example, we learn from the wide-reaching campaigns of international aid agencies that people on the African continent mostly live as subsistence farmers. The fact that around 80 percent of the people live in urban areas is ignored in the message the imagery conveys.
The exploitation of children as cheap labour is a global problem. 15-year-old Moussahabou has worked as a child. Today, like most of his peers, he has the opportunity to attend school.
Niger 2023: Gaïssa Chaïbou Abdoul-Rafik/SOS Villages d'Enfants/Fairpicture
The world in stereotypes
Our world is exceptionally diverse, complex and difficult to understand. Stereotypes are collectively shared attributes that help us simplify this complexity. They form groups of people, attach attributes, and define a person's place in society. Stereotypes are functional because they express a commonly shared understanding of the world in a simple way and form an image in our mind. They help us to assess situations and people more quickly. This includes the fact that we expect certain characteristics and behaviours from people who we see as belonging to specific groups. This is often linked to their gender, skin colour, race, ethnicity, age, educational background, or even with their position in history: as simple labourers, servants, or slaves. Stereotypes direct our attention and make us perceive facts selectively. Depending on the perspective, stereotypes have a positive or negative effect on individuals and whole societies. One source of negative stereotyping was colonialism, which quite strategically relied on stereotypes to legitimise and strengthen unequal power structures.
Such images, long thought to have been overcome, are still prevalent in the communication of international aid organisations.
Source 26 June 2023: https://handinhand-ev.org/patenschaften/ Screenshot.
The West and the Rest of the World
White supremacy and the notion of a racial hierarchy are constitutive elements of the colonial past. The patronising care for the poor is one problematic manifestation in this context. Despite having been criticised for decades, representations sustaining inequality have lost little of their power in visual communication. White aid workers and experts stand as guarantors of aid effectiveness. On captions, white people carry names, black people do not. «Beneficiaries'» (i.e. people who are in the favour of white helpers) laugh and show their gratitude for the help they have received. The messages underlying such stereotypes work. At the same time, they marginalise, they legitimise, reinforce, and naturalise structural inequality. They degrade people and turn them into illustrations and objects of the donation market. They hurt because they create second and third classes of people.
If one takes the decolonisation of visual communication seriously, then it is not enough to simply exchange the images.
Jörg Arnold | Fairpicture
Not only new images
The impact of images that reproduce colonial power relations is dramatic. For example, it directly influences how Europe shapes its refugee policy. How much value is placed on people trying to reach Europe and cross the Mediterranean in an overcrowded boat?
If one takes the decolonisation of visual communication seriously, then it is not enough to simply exchange the images. It is right, but not sufficient, to replace «poverty porn» with imagery that shows «solutions». We need to focus on more than preserving the dignity of the people photographed or filmed, as many organisational Code of Conducts advise. If you really want to deal with the decolonisation of the visual, you have to ask the question of «how».
- How exactly is visual content produced? And who owns the story that is being told?
- Who tells this story? And who has the sovereignty of interpretation?
- When is visual storytelling fair? And for whom?
5 points to success
The decolonisation of (visual) communication cannot be facilitated quickly. But it is not a question of whether such a process is necessary or not. It is only a question of how soon an organisation wants to start it. Let me answer the above questions with concrete recommendations for action. They make first steps possible:
- Take a closer look: Let yourself be challenged by an external view on your communication. No internal regulation replaces the view from the outside when it comes to stereotypes and colonial patterns. Make a start with Fairpicture's Quick Review.
- No «helicopter communication»: Give your assignments to local visual creators who know the local social, cultural, and political context and who understand the problems of colonial patterns from their own experience. You can take advantage of Fairpicture's network of 180 photographers and videographers in more than 60 countries. Contact us if you’re interested.
- Rethink your narratives: Rethink your narratives and use Fairpicture's network as an echo chamber. Contact our consulting team.
- Go to Co-Creation: Dare to take the step towards co-creation and use the competences of your project partners, the visual creators, and the people who are portrayed. The Fairpicture platform offers the support you need. Sign up now.
- Empower the depicted: Make the people who are portrayed real partners as co-creators. This is enabled with the local visual creators of Fairpicture. It works if they have enough time to build relationships on the ground. Take a look at our case studies.
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